Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Related Antibodies

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a family of proteins which are pattern recognition receptors (PRR) because they recognize microbial structures which have been conserved over evolution called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Toll-like receptors (TLR) play an important role in both adaptive and innate immunity. Toll-like receptors are present on many different cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelium cells, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, B lymphocytes, epithelial cells, cardiac myocytes and adipocytes. Additionally, Toll-like receptors (TLR) can activate antigen presenting cells (APC) causing them to release pro-inflamitory cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide which results in increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules. This change in the antigen presenting cells allows induction of the adaptive immune response via the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Individual toll-like receptors interact with different combinations of adaptor proteins, and activate various transcription factors and kinases. This constitutes the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway.

MyD88 is an important adaptor protein, and an integral part of the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. MyD88 links members of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) family to downstream activation of NF-κB and mitogen activated protein kinases. Another important toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling group is a family of proteins called the interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) which is made up of IRAK, IRAK-2, IRAK-4, and IRAK-M. Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) is responsible for mediating signaling between MyD88 and tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6). Therefore much of the toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway goes through interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) proteins. Each interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) member has a unique regulatory role in mediating immune responses, and IRAK-4 is required for innate immunity.

ProSci has many toll-like receptor related antibodies, including antibodies to the proteins mentioned here. ProSci's toll-like receptor related antibodies include antibodies against all 10 toll-like receptors, toll-like receptor 1-10 (TLR1-10), MyD88, IRAK, IRAK-2, IRAK-4 and IRAK-M. Additionally, we offer an IRAK Detection Set, a TLR Detection Set, and a TLR Adaptor Detection Set. ProSci antibodies and detection sets are appropriate for ELISA, western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) applications as noted for each toll-like receptor related antibody or related detection set.